Concurrent stresses are perceived as new state of stress by the plants: overview of impact of abiotic and biotic stress combinations

Abstract

Crop plants under natural conditions often encounter abiotic and biotic stresses either individually or in combination, single or multiple times in their life cycle. During their concurrence, different stressors interact with each other over the plant interface leading to altered plant responses. Initial stressor can modulate plant physiology and thereby influences plant response towards another stressor. Consequent to the stress interaction, plants encountering concurrent stress show different responses in comparison to the plants exposed to the individual stresses. Additionally, plant defence responses are somewhat skewed towards one stressor during concurrent occurrence of stresses. Such different responses are the cognate ‘net effect’ of combined stress felt by the plant. The net effect exhibited by plants under combined stress is unique to each stress combination. Thus, in lieu of the combined stress responses, which are different from the individual stress responses, the combined stress has been proposed as a new state of stress. Plant responses towards this new state are not just dictated by either of the individual stresses alone but by more complex interaction. In this chapter, we present an overview of the combined stresses with emphasis on drought and bacterial stressors and discuss the stress interaction effect and net effect.